Anti spasmolytic effect of Glycyrrhiza glabra leaf on rat ileum contractions

چکیده: زمینه و هدف: شیرین بیان (Glycyrrhiza glabra) گیاهی است که مطالعات فراوانی در مورد خواص و ترکیبات ریزوم آن انجام شده ولی خواص برگ شیرین بیان کمتر مورد مطالعه قرار گرفته است. هدف این تحقیق تعیین اثر عصاره آبی الکلی برگ شیرین بیان بر انقباضات ایلئوم موش صحرایی می باشد. روش بررسی: در یک مطالعه تجربی، بخش انتهایی ایلئوم موش صحرایی نر نژاد ویستار تحت یک گرم کشش توسط 60 میلی مول (mM) کلرور پتاسیم و یا 10 میکرومول (μM) کارباکول منقبض و اثر غلظت های تجمعی عصاره آبی الکلی برگ شیرین بیان (625 تا 5/0 میلی گرم در میلی لیتر) بر انقباضات ایجاد شده مورد بررسی قرار گرفت. قطعات جدید ایلئوم به ترتیب در پروپرانولول (μM1)، نالوکسون (μM1)، مهار کننده نیتریک اکساید سینتاز (L-NAME،μM100)، گلی بن کلامید (μM10) و تترا اتیل آمونیوم (mM1) به صورت جداگانه اینکوبه و انقباض بافت و عملکرد ضد انقباضی عصاره ثبت شد. داده ها با استفاده از آزمون های آماری آنالیز واریانس یک طرفه و دو طرفه و آزمون تعقیبی LSD تجزیه و تحلیل شدند. یافته ها: غلظت های تجمعی عصاره، انقباضات ناشی از کلرورپتاسیم و کارباکول را بصورت وابسته به غلظت کاهش داد (001/0

Structural and energy properties of interstitial molecular hydrogen in single-crystal silicon

The structural and energy characteristics of interstitial molecular hydrogen in single-crystal silicon are theoretically studied. The dependence of the potential energy of the system on the position and orientation of the interstitial defect is investigated, and the mechanism of interaction of a hydrogen molecule with a silicon crystal is considered. A three-dimensional model is employed to calculate the energy spectrum of H2 in Si, and the obtained dispersion law is analyzed

Volunteered geographic information in crisis management

During the disaster, rescue groups are responsible for tasks that require different types of information to optimize their activities. Preparation and distribution of information are very sensitive. The acquisition of new data and events such as degraded buildings and injured people in some cases using conventional methods is very difficult. With the advancement of technology, people familiar with social networks and smartphones, people produce and generate large amounts of data. This phenomenon is called Volunteered geographic information. Today, this data collected and shared with sites and social networks for free. This paper pays service that Volunteered geographic information provided to crisis management. Experience has shown that the system cannot work without regard to environmental considerations. The current system of data collection, updating and spatial data infrastructure, cannot consider emergency situations. In particular, companies such as Ushahidi and OSM's activities will be described. This article is based on articles and activities conducted in this field and provides the category and in the end, discussed and determine the factors affecting the performance of them

Effect of Low-level Laser Therapy With Different Locations of Irradiation on Postoperative Endodontic Pain in Patients With Symptomatic Irreversible Pulpitis: A Double-Blind Randomized Controlled Trial

Introduction: This double-blind, placebo-controlled, clinical trial aimed to investigate the analgesic efficacy of low-level laser therapy (LLLT) with two different locations, and their comparison, in postoperative endodontic pain (PEP) levels in molars diagnosed with symptomatic irreversible pulpitis.Methods: Seventy-five patients with a molar tooth, diagnosed with symptomatic irreversible pulpitis, were divided into three groups of placebo, buccal only irradiation (BI), and buccal and lingual irradiation (BLI), with 25 cases being in each group. The participants received similar singlevisit nonsurgical endodontic treatments. Then, a sham laser was used in the control group instead of LLLT. Individuals in BI and BLI groups received 80-second irradiation on the buccal surface and 80-second irradiation on each of the buccal and lingual surfaces respectively. A laser with an 808 nm wavelength, power of 100 mW, a fiber diameter of 600 μm, and a dose of 70 J/cm2 was used. PEP was assessed using a 0-100 mm VAS 4, 8, 24, and 48 hours after the treatment.Results: BLI showed a significantly higher reduction of PEP compared to placebo in all time intervals of this study. BLI was significantly more effective than BI 8 hours after the treatment. However, intragroup differences between BLI and BI groups at other time intervals and between BI and placebo groups in all time intervals were not significant. The number of taken analgesics in the BLI group was significantly lower than the placebo group and was on a statistical borderline compared to the BI group.Conclusion: LLLT with BLI was an effective measure as a supplement to oral analgesics in the reduction of PEP compared to the placebo

Rhetorical Moves in Applied Linguistics Articles and their Corresponding Iranian Writer Identity

AbstractEmerging from Kaplan's (1966) pioneering work on contrastive rhetoric, rhetorical organization is today practiced with current critical views in language teaching and is regarded as a major pedagogical tool in writing various articles. The present study aimed to investigate the possible relationship between generic organizations of research articles in applied linguistics Iranian journals and negotiation of researchers’ identities. Overall, 30 published research-based articles were selected randomly from four journals. After applying Pho's (2008b) model of move analysis, the obtained results were associated with the instances of writer identity using Hyland's framework (2002). The findings demonstrated different percentages of writer identity categories across different moves of articles. Results suggested that rhetorical moves performing various functions in articles need to be carried out by specific categories of authorial identity to better satisfy the expectations of their respective applied linguistics communities

Local and Central Differential Privacy for Robustness and Privacy in Federated Learning

Federated Learning (FL) allows multiple participants to train machine learning models collaboratively by keeping their datasets local while only exchanging model updates. Alas, this is not necessarily free from privacy and robustness vulnerabilities, e.g., via membership, property, and backdoor attacks. This paper investigates whether and to what extent one can use differential Privacy (DP) to protect both privacy and robustness in FL. To this end, we present a first-of-its-kind evaluation of Local and Central Differential Privacy (LDP/CDP) techniques in FL, assessing their feasibility and effectiveness. Our experiments show that both DP variants do d fend against backdoor attacks, albeit with varying levels of protection-utility trade-offs, but anyway more effectively than other robustness defenses. DP also mitigates white-box membership inference attacks in FL, and our work is the first to show it empirically. Neither LDP nor CDP, however, defend against property inference. Overall, our work provides a comprehensive, re-usable measurement methodology to quantify the trade-offs between robustness/privacy and utility in differentially private FL

BadVFL: Backdoor Attacks in Vertical Federated Learning

Federated learning (FL) enables multiple parties to collaboratively train a machine learning model without sharing their data; rather, they train their own model locally and send updates to a central server for aggregation. Depending on how the data is distributed among the participants, FL can be classified into Horizontal (HFL) and Vertical (VFL). In VFL, the participants share the same set of training instances but only host a different and non-overlapping subset of the whole feature space. Whereas in HFL, each participant shares the same set of features while the training set is split into locally owned training data subsets. VFL is increasingly used in applications like financial fraud detection; nonetheless, very little work has analyzed its security. In this paper, we focus on robustness in VFL, in particular, on backdoor attacks, whereby an adversary attempts to manipulate the aggregate model during the training process to trigger misclassifications. Performing backdoor attacks in VFL is more challenging than in HFL, as the adversary i) does not have access to the labels during training and ii) cannot change the labels as she only has access to the feature embeddings. We present a first-of-its-kind clean-label backdoor attack in VFL, which consists of two phases: a label inference and a backdoor phase. We demonstrate the effectiveness of the attack on three different datasets, investigate the factors involved in its success, and discuss countermeasures to mitigate its impact

Dental Students’ Perceptions on Restorative Dentistry Education in Shahid Beheshti Dental School

Objective: Numerous studies have emphasized on the importance of developing an ideal educational system for high-quality dental education. The present study sought to assess the perception of dental students on operative dentistry education in Department of Restorative Dentistry, Shahid Beheshti Dental School, Tehran, Iran.Methods: In this descriptive cross-sectional study, 220 students were selected and given a questionnaire including demographic , grades in operative dentistry clinical and didactic courses, the efficacy of preclinical courses in preparing students for clinical practice, ways to improve competency and expertise of students for clinical setting, student’s opinion on relating the  assessment tests with the taught topics, required instructional resources for assessment of students’ proficiency in restorative dentistry and satisfaction rate of students with clinical courses offered in the current curriculum.  Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics (SPSS 18).Results: The Clinical Operative Dentistry 3 and Preclinical Dental Anatomy received a mean satisfaction score of 3.31 and 2.74, respectively. Furthermore, 57.3% of students highly emphasized the necessity of studying textbooks of restorative dentistry. 50.5% of students believe that lectures  by instructors along with active participation of students were the best method for didactic operative dentistry courses. In addition, 60.5% were in favor of using a combination of textbooks, lectures, and class notes for the assessment of students’ learning.Conclusion: The present study revealed that Department of Restorative Dentistry in Shahid Beheshti Dental School is successful in its teaching and achieving students’ satisfaction. However, some revisions need to be made in educational methods and contents and active participation of students in class discussions should be encouraged as well